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4

Design of CPS Based on System of Systems (CPSoS)

CPSoS is a large-scale complex framework that is connected to hardware and

controlled using several computing mechanisms, as well as human clients [21]. The

system of systems (SoS) concept lies within the possibility of integrating several

interoperable frameworks so that they are organized to work together at a time to

achieve a specific goal [22]. These kinds of frameworks need a modeling strategy

with specific details and modeling able to describe the frameworks of SoS within

the cyber-physical key characteristics like (a) operational freedom of the compo-

nents of the by and large framework, (b) managerial autonomy of the components

of the general system, (c) geographical dispersion and Developing behavior, and (d)

evolutionary improvement processes [23].

Complex CPSs depend heightening on the trade of modest bunches of individual

physical, communication, and computing systems. The proposed plan strategy for

CPS frameworks is based on the system of system approach as appeared in Fig. 3. In

the cyber-physical system of system framework, the prerequisites for cyber-physical

frameworks are referred to as characteristics of platform-specific frameworks that

are depicted using the capabilities of the system-wide core component frameworks

according to specified criteria [23, 24].

In CPS Frameworks of Frameworks (CPSoS), there are some requirements for

unused necessities building forms, administration strategies, methods, and appara-

tuses that can powerfully react to unsteady, divided, ceaselessly changing necessi-

ties. The CPSoS strategies and apparatuses ought to not only be able to bargain with

issues that are related to impact necessities, cascades impact, scourges but also it must

be able to handle issues related to apportioning a large-scale framework of frame-

works into different independent autonomously advancing constituent frameworks.

CPSoSs are cyber-physical frameworks that display the highlights of frameworks as

follows [24]. The possibility to dynamically configure the outline on various time

scales. The regularly spatially transmitted large physical frameworks with complex

elements. And the ability to distribute, control, supervise, and manage, with an ability

of partial independence of the subsystems.

Some of the important issues and challenges related to CPSoS tools and method-

ologies related to the collaborative environments of competing firms, the process of

integrating legacy systems with the model-based engineering requirements of the

whole system’s life cycle [25]. In addition to other issues such as related to exploring

the design space while considering heterogeneity, control, and validation of CPSoS,

also analyzing how the type of hierarchical, decentralized, and distributed control

affects performance and its relevance to the new custom algorithms for controlling

and validating CPSoS. There are also other challenges such as modeling issues and

CPSoS simulation such as multiple scales, human interaction, and fault management

[22].

In CPSoS, multiple scales can be combined into subsystem models, which can add

a degree of potential for model development and integration. In addition, it is possible

to blend human interaction with systems by using behavioral patterns that express the